The Endocrine System

the endocrine, or hormonal, system is the primary regulatory mechanism for virtually the entire human body. Hormones are chemical messengers that control and coordinate the function of tissues and organs. Each hormone is secreted from a particular gland and distributed throughout the body to act on different tissues. Hormones are released as a result of nerve impulses or in response to specific physiological or biochemical events. Following their release, hormones instigate a cascade of reactions within the body, the end result of which can include synthesis and release of enzymes and changes in cell membranes. Highly sensitive feedback mechanisms reduce or increase the amount of different hormones being released at any given time. The effects of alcohol on endocrine function are multiple and complex. Several variables, including the type, length, and pattern of alcohol exposure; level of intoxication; and coexisting medical problems, such as malnutrition and liver dysfunction, must be considered when assessing the impact of alcohol on hormonal status. This article summarizes the effects of both acute and chronic alcohol exposure on hormonal physiology, addressing work performed on humans and animal models.